Editing Zoothamnium niveum
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The host taxa are even more diverse, although hydrogen sulfide is highly toxic (National Research Council, 1979) and eukaryotic hosts need to somehow cope with this poison. Extra- and intracellular endosymbioses as well as ectosymbioses are reported within six animal phyla (Nematoda, Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata) and one protist phylum (Ciliophora; see Ott et al., 2004; Stewart et al., 2005; Cavanaugh et al., 2006; Dubilier et al., 2008). All types of transmission modes – vertical from parents to offspring, horizontal from the environment, or mixed modes – are known within these prevalent bacterial symbioses in the sea (see Bright and Bulgheresi, 2010; Vrijenhoek, 2010). | The host taxa are even more diverse, although hydrogen sulfide is highly toxic (National Research Council, 1979) and eukaryotic hosts need to somehow cope with this poison. Extra- and intracellular endosymbioses as well as ectosymbioses are reported within six animal phyla (Nematoda, Platyhelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata) and one protist phylum (Ciliophora; see Ott et al., 2004; Stewart et al., 2005; Cavanaugh et al., 2006; Dubilier et al., 2008). All types of transmission modes – vertical from parents to offspring, horizontal from the environment, or mixed modes – are known within these prevalent bacterial symbioses in the sea (see Bright and Bulgheresi, 2010; Vrijenhoek, 2010). | ||
− | Despite this dominance, research has been somewhat limited because many thiotrophic symbioses occur in poorly accessible, deep-sea environments. They are extremely difficult to maintain in the laboratory or even to culture. To our knowledge, only a few bivalves (for example, the lucinid | + | Despite this dominance, research has been somewhat limited because many thiotrophic symbioses occur in poorly accessible, deep-sea environments. They are extremely difficult to maintain in the laboratory or even to culture. To our knowledge, only a few bivalves (for example, the lucinid Codakia orbicularis; Gros et al., 1997) were reared to maturity. This colonial ciliate, however, was successfully cultivated including the entire life cycle with the production of offsprings (Rinke et al., 2007). While bivalves exhibit intrinsically slower growth, and reproduction, the colonial ciliate has a much faster growth and reproduction, and a short life span. These characteristics along with easy access in shallow waters make this thiotrophic symbiosis of Z. niveum and its single bacterial partner, ''Candidatus'' Thiobios zoothamnicoli, a promising candidate for future studies. The present review summarizes our knowledge on this symbiosis and outlines our view on its evolution. |
====The Host ''Zoothamnium niveum''==== | ====The Host ''Zoothamnium niveum''==== |